Bytes, Runes & Sized Types

Siz int, float64, string, va bool ni bilasiz. Aniq nazorat kerak bo'lganda Go'da yana boshqa turlar bor.

O'lchamli butun sonlar (Sized Integers)

Oddiy int turi mashinangizga moslashadi (odatda 64-bit). Lekin ba'zida aniq o'lcham kerak bo'ladi:

TUR	BITLAR	DIAPAZON
`int8`	8	-128 dan 127 gacha
`int16`	16	-32,768 dan 32,767 gacha
`int32`	32	±2 milliard
`int64`	64	±9 kvintillion

Ishorasiz butun sonlar (Unsigned Integers)

Son manfiy bo'la olmasligini bilsangiz, ishorasiz (unsigned) turlardan foydalaning. Ular manfiy diapazonni ikki barobar ko'proq musbat diapazonga almashtiradi:

TUR	BITLAR	DIAPAZON
`uint8`	8	0 dan 255 gacha
`uint16`	16	0 dan 65,535 gacha
`uint32`	32	0 dan ~4 milliardgacha
`uint64`	64	0 dan ~18 kvintiliongacha

Alohidalar

TUR	NIMA U	QACHON ISHLATISH
`byte`	`uint8` uchun alias	Xom (raw) ma'lumot, fayl tarkibi, tarmoq baytlari
`rune`	`int32` uchun alias	Unicode belgilar
`float32`	`float64` dan kamroq aniqlik	Grafika, aniq API'lar

rune belgini son sifatida saqlaydi. 'A' — 65, '日' — 26085:

example.go

var b byte = 255       // uint8 bilan bir xil
var r rune = '日'       // int32 bilan bir xil
fmt.Println(b)          // 255
fmt.Println(string(r))  // 日

>_ Exercise

Runelar shunchaki sonlar bo'lgani uchun, ular ustida matematik amal bajarish mumkin. Unicode'da kichik harf 'a' — 97, katta harf 'A' — 65. Farq doim 32 ga teng.

toUpper ni to'ldiring. Agar rune kichik harf bo'lsa ('a' va 'z' orasida), uni katta harfga aylantirish uchun 32 ni ayiring. Aks holda uni o'zgartirmasdan qaytaring.

Misollar:

•toUpper('g') → 'G'
•toUpper('z') → 'Z'
•toUpper('A') → 'A' (allaqachon katta harf)
•toUpper('3') → '3' (harf emas)

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Key Takeaway

Key Takeaway:

byte — bu uint8, rune — bu int32. Xotira yoki protokol aniqligi muhim bo'lganda o'lchamli turlardan foydalaning. Aks holda int va float64 bilan qoling.

NEXT UP

Strings Under the Hood

🔒🔒🔒🔒

OUTPUT

$ go run main.go
Kodingizni ishga tushiring